HomeMy WebLinkAbout008-2011-01-000
Safety and Buildings Division
4003 N. Kinney Coulee Rd
commerceml.gov LaCrosse WI 54601-1831
www.commerce.statemi.us/sb
i sco n S i n Jim Doyle, Governor
Department of Commerce Cory L. Nettles, Secretary
RECEIVED
May 18, 2004
CUST ID No. 42258 JUN U I 2004 ATTN: Inspector
ELI M GOTTFRIED _,.t i;RUI, COl1NTY
GOTTFRIED ENVIRONME TAL'IONING OFFICE ZONING OFFICE
124 1/2 GRAHAM AVE ST CROIX COUNTY SPIA
PO BOX 1645 1101 CARMICHAEL RD / , T
EAU CLAIRE WI 54702-1645 HUDSON WI 54016 C~(~
CONDITIONAL APPROVAL Age4 ag
PLAN APPROVAL EXPIRES: 05/18/2006 identitz 967 Numbers
Transaction ID No. 967078
Site
SITE: Elizabeth Christensen ID No. 670567
County Highway BB Sit ots 1 Please refer to both identification numbers,
Town of Eau Galle, St it oun %above, in all correspondence with the agenc
NE 1/4, SE 1/4, S4, T28N, R16W / FOR: Object Type: Soil Saturation DinatRegu ateecD No.: 941615 c~itC~in t xrze d rlY~-,9 c
The submittal described above has been reviewed for conformance with applicable Wisconsin Administrative Codes
and Wisconsin Statutes. The submittal has been CONDITIONALLY APPROVED. The owner, as defined in
chapter 101.01(10), Wisconsin Statutes, is responsible for compliance with all code requirements.
The following conditions.shall be met during construction or installation and prior to occupancy or use:
1. Approval is hereby granted pursuant to Comm 85.60 (2), Wis. Adm. Code to estimate the depth to seasonal soil
saturation based on an interpretative determination. This approval and determination negates the requirement in
Com 85.30 (2) (b), Wis. Adm. Code to designate the ground surface as the highest level of saturation when
redoximorphic features are less than 4 inches below the bottom of the A horizon.
2. At least 30 inches of sand lift on top of a 6 inches minimum of unsaturated in-situ soil for adequate treatment
and dispersal is required.
3. The basal soil application rate shall be 0.2 gpd/ft^2, and the linear loading rate 4.0 gpd/foot.
4. Chisel plowing to a depth of 12 inches immediately prior to sand placement is required to improve vertical water
movement into the soil solum that is weakly structured and sometimes platy, as well as slowly permeable.
5. Landscaping up slope of the mound shall be incorporated into the overall mound design to divert surface water
drainage around the mound system.
6. Mound side slopes shall be at least 4:1 rather than the typical 3:1 slopes.
7. This approval shall remain valid unless the site is altered in such a way that the depth to soil saturation would
change of if saturated conditions were observed for seven consecutive days at depths less than 3 feet below the
infiltrative surface of the POWTS distribution component.
8. This approval in no way relinquishes the use of color patterns to estimate the depth to high groundwater on any
other parcels or portions of parcels.
9. A copy of this approval letter and attachments must accompany the mound system plans for this site.
ELI M GOTHRIED Page 2 5/18/04
A copy of the approved plans, specifications and this letter shall be on-site during construction and open to
inspection by authorized representatives of the Department, which may include local inspectors. If plan index sheets
were submitted in lieu of additional full plan sets, a copy of this approval letter and index sheet shall be attached to
plans that correspond with the copy on file with the Department. All permits required by the state or the local
municipality shall be obtained prior to commencement of construction/installation/operation.
In granting this approval the Division of Safety & Buildings reserves the right to require changes or additions should
conditions arise making them necessary for code compliance. As per state stats 101.12(2), nothing in this review
shall relieve the designer of the responsibility for designing a safe building, structure, or component.
Inquiries concerning this correspondence may be made to me at the telephone number listed below, or at the address
on this letterhead.
Sincerely, Fee Required $ 100.00
Fee Received $ 100.00
Balance Due $ 0.00
4oayG;Jesk a stewater Sp alist
Y~
Integrated Services Bureau WISMAR1` code:
(715) 726-2544 Voice
Ijansky@commerce.state.wi.us
cc: Leroy G. Jansky, Wastewater Specialist, (715) 726-2544
I~,
02/06/2008 08:01 AM
Parcel 008-2011-01-000 PAGE 1 OF 1
Alt. Parcel 04.28.16.580 008 - TOWN OF EAU GALLE
Current X ST. CROIX COUNTY, WISCONSIN
Creation Date Historical Date Map # Sales Area Application # Permit # Permit Type
09/19/2005 00 0
Tax Address: Owner(s): O = Current Owner, C = Current Co-Owner
O - CHRISTENSEN, KURT & ELIZABETH
KURT & ELIZABETH CHRISTENSEN
847 WYLDWOOD LN
HUDSON WI 54016
Districts: SC = School SP = Special Property Address(es): * = Primary
Type Dist # Description 534 CTY RD BB
SC 0231 BALDWIN-WOODVILLE AREA
SP 1700 WITC
Legal Description: Acres: 5.260 Plat: 10-079-WOOD VIEW RIDGE LOTS 1/3 008-05
SEC 4 T28N R16W PT NE SE WOOD VIEW RIDGE Block/Condo Bldg: LOT 001
('05) LOT 1 (5.260AC) Tract(s): (Sec-Twn-Rng 40 1/4 160 1/4)
04-28N-16W NE SE
Notes: Parcel History:
Date Doc # Vol/Page Type
09/19/2005 806859 10/079 PLAT
08/27/2003 737586 17/4593 CSM
08/12/2003 735214 2360/286 EZ-1
2008 SUMMARY Bill Fair Market Value: Assessed with:
Use Value Assessment
Valuations: Last Changed: 07/13/2007
Description Class Acres Land Improve Total State Reason
AGRICULTURAL G4 4.760 500 0 500 NO
UNDEVELOPED G5 0.500 50 0 50 NO
Totals for 2008:
General Property 5.260 550 0 550
Woodland 0.000 0 0
Totals for 2007:
General Property 5.260 550 0 550
Woodland 0.000 0 0
Lottery Credit: Claim Count: 0 Certification Date: Batch
Specials:
User Special Code Category Amount
Special Assessments Special Charges Delinquent Charges
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00
Wisconsin Department of Commerce SOIL AND SITE EVALUATION Page Of
Division of Safety and Buildings in accordance with Comm 85, Wis. Adm. Code
Attach complete site plan on paper not less than 8 %3 x 1 I inches in size. Plan must include, but County St. Croix
not limited to: vertical and horizontal reference point (BM), direction and percent slope, scale or
dimensions, north arrow, and location and distance to the nearest road. Parcel ID #0(
Q
APPLICANT INFORMATION - Please print all information Revive Dat
Personal information you provide may be used for secondary purposes (Privacy Law, s. 15.04(1)(m)). I!
Property owner: Property location
Kurt and Elizabeth Christensen Gov't lot: NE 1/4 SE 1/4 S04 T 28 N, R16 E (or
Property owner's mailing address: Lot # Block # SuM. ame or CSM4 7~/'
877 Benoy Road 1 NA N WLT) V/~ /ZIZ)G~
City / State / Zip Code Phone number:
city Village own Nearest Road Hudson / Wisconsin /54016 715-386-6340 Eau Galle CTH BB
El New Construction Use ❑ Residential/Number of bedrooms Unknown Addition to existing building: NA
❑ Replacement ❑ Public or commercial - describe
Code Design Flow Rate: Unknown - must be appropriate size for the contour and soil restrictions
Parent Material: Glacial Till - ground moraine
General Comments and Recommendations: Soils are somewhat poorly glossoboralfs underlain by clay loam. Redox features are the result of perching
above the dense clay loam layer. A long narrow mound SAS is recommended for this site with 2.50 foot of sand fill. ON-SITE REQUESTED DUE
TO THE PRESENCE OF REDOX FEATURES AT SHALLOW DEPTH. This is an A+0 site. Aeration pretreatment strongly recommended.
SOIL DESCRIPTION REPORT
Boring # Horizon Depth Dominant Redox Description Texture Structure Consistence Boundary Roots Soil Application Rate
in. Munsell Color Qu. Sz. Cont. Color Gr. Sz. Sh. GPD/FT'
Pit 1 Eff#1 Ff4#2
Ap 0-7 10YR 3/2 NA sil lmsbk mfr aw 2f 0.2 0.3
Ground E 7-10 10YR 4/2 fld 7.5YR 5/8 sill Impl mfi aw if 0.2 0.3
Elev (ft.)
94.82 Bt 10-15 10YR 4/4 m2p 7.5YR 5/8 sic] Ifsbk vmfi as NA 0.2 0.3
Depth to C 15-18 5YR 4/4 m3p 7.5YR 5/8 cl massive vmfr NA NA NA NA
limiting
factor- in.
O
Remarks: V dense E horizon; C - v dense, dolomite fragments
Boring # Ap 0-2 l OYR 3/2 NA sil 1 msbk mfr aw 2f 0.2 0.3
prt 2 Btl 2-6 IOYR 3/4 NA sil w/ cl lmsbk mfr aw if 0.2 0.3
Bt2 6-9 l OYR 5/2 m2p 7.5YR 5/8 sic] lfsbk vmfi as NA 0.2 0.3
Ground
Elev (ft.) C 1 9-12 5YR 4/4 m3p 7.5YR 5/8 cl massive vmfi NA NA NA NA
93.82
Depth to
limiting
factor- in.
® Bt2, C 1 very dense
CST Name: Eli M. Gottfried, Gottfried Environmental Signature: rel. No. 715-833-1400
Address: 124-1/2 Graham Ave. Eau Claire, WI. 54701 Date: 22 September 2003 CST # 221981
SOIL DESCRIPTION REPORT
roperty e owner Christensen Parcel ID#
Boring # Horizon Depth Dominant Redox Description Texture Structure Consistence Boundary Roots Soil Application Rate
in. Munsell Color Qu. Sz. Cont. Color Gr. Sz. Sh. GPD/FTZ
Pit 3 Eff# I Eff#2
Ap 0-6 10YR 3/2 NA A lmsbk mfr gw 2f 0.2 0.3
Ground Bt 6-11 IOYR 3/4 fld 7.5YR 5/8 sil w/ cl Imsbk mfr aw if 0.2 0.3
Elev (ft.)
93.84 C1 11-13 IOYR 5/2 m2p 7.5YR 5/8 Sid Ifsbk vmfi as NA 0.2 0.3
Depth to C2 13-18 7.5YR 4/4 m3p 7.5YR 5/8 cl massive vmfr NA NA NA NA
limiting
factor- in.
6
T
Remarks: C1, C2 - high and low chroma rdox; v. dense.
Boring # Horizon Depth Dominant Redox description Texture Structure Consistence Boundary Roots Soil Application Rate
in. Munsell Color Qu. Sz. Cont. Color Gr. Sz. Sh. GPD/FT'
Pit 4 Eff#I Eff#2
Ap 0-6 l OYR 3/2 NA sil 1 msbk mfr gw 2f 0.2 0.3
Ground Bt 6-9 I OYR 3/4 fl d 7.5 YR 5/8 A 1 msbk mfr aw 1 f 0.2 0.3
Elev (ft.)
94.86' C 1 9-14 l OYR 5/2 m 1 d 7.5YR 5/8 sic] I fsbk vmfi as NA 0.2 0.3
Depth to C2 14-21 7.5YR 4/4 m3p 7.5YR 5/8 cl massive vmfr NA NA NA NA
limiting
factor- in.
Remarks:
Boring #
Ground
Elev (ft.)
Depth to
limiting
factor- in.
Remarks:
Boring #
Ground
Elev (ft.)
Depth to
limiting
factor-in.
Remarks:
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GOTTFRIED ENVIRONMENTAL RECEIVED
124 Graham Ave., Eau Claire, WI 54701; 715-833-1400 MAY Q 5 2w
telephone: 715-833-1400; fax: 715-833-1381; email: elicstm(&sbeglobal.net
INTERPRETATIVE REPORT SAFETY 8, BI.DGS. DIV.
January 20, 2004; Revised (after on-site and consultation with State of Wisconsin Wastewater
Specialist, Leroy Jansky) April 20, 2004 P.O.W.T.S.
Conditionally
Proper owner: Kurt and Elizabeth Christensen
Legal Description: NE SE 04 28 16W APPROVED
Eau Galle, St. Croix County DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
DIVI ON Of SAFETY AN BUILDINGS
9 670 7 8
SEE G RESP DENC
INTRODUCTION
On 22 September 2003, a soil test and evaluation was conducted by this soil tester on the
property described above. The soil test was done in response to a request by the property owners,
Elizabeth and Kurt Christensen, as part of the development of this parcel for residences. It is the
intention of the property owners, Kurt and Elizabeth Christensen, to subdivide this land into 3
parcels for development of residences. Two of the prospective residential sites lay on the east
side of the parcel, 1 on the west side of the parcel.
RATIONAL FOR THE INTERPRETIVE REPORT
High and low chroma features in the soil as compared with matrix soil colors are considered as
indicators of seasonal saturation in the State of Wisconsin. Department of Commerce Comm
81.01 (118) states:
"High groundwater" means zones of soil saturation which include perched water tables,
shallow regional groundwater tables or aquifers, or zones that are seasonally, periodically
or permanently saturated.
Comm 81.01 (119) further defines evidence of seasonal saturation in the soils:
"High groundwater elevation" means the higher of either the elevation to which the soil is
saturated when observed as a free wate? surface, or the elevation to which the soil has
been seasonally or periodically saturated as indicated by the highest elevation of
redoximorphic features in the soils.
At least 36 inches of soil separation is required between the bottom of the soil absorption system
and the redoximorphic soil features in most types of soils (Table 83.44-3, Department of
Commerce). Where this does not exist, an above ground SAS must be constructed (i.e. mound or
At-Grade).
The initial determination of this site has found the site to be unsuitable for mound type septic
1
systems (Soil Absorption System), as per WAC Comm 85.30(2)(a) and (b). This code section
r mandates that:
1. Redoximorphic features be used as an indicator of seasonal saturation in the soils.
2. Redoximorphic features appearing at depths of within 4 inches of the bottom of the A
horizon shall be interpreted as seasonal saturation occurring at ground surface ("Unless
determined otherwise..., the highest elevation of seasonal soil saturation shall be the
ground surface where redoximorphic features are present within 4 inches of the bottom of
the A horizon.")
Although Comm 85.30(2)(b) mandates that redoximorphic features within 4 inches of the A
horizon be interpreted as seasonal saturation to ground surface, Comm 85.60(2)(a) allows for an
interpretive determination of the soil conditions and depth to seasonal saturation should this
condition exist. This section states in part:
"A written report by a certified soil tester evaluating and interpreting redoximorphic soil features
may be submitted to the department in lieu of high groundwater determination data. The
written report shall conclusively demonstrate that the existing soil morphological features or
color patterns are not indicative of current conditions of periodic soil saturation."
This is the basis for the current report.
I
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY
The soils observed on site suggest that the area has been influenced by glaciation. Soils appear to
be loess (fine-textured, wind blown soil), underlain by glacial till. Gravels from glacial till were
observed in 1 pit at a depth of 15 inches.
The subsurface formation in St. Croix County consists of the Prairie Du Chien Group (dolomite
and sandy dolomite). Depth to bedrock ranges from 0 - 15 meters (Brown, B.A. (1988)). This
formation is of Ordovician origin (Paleozoic era 425 mya). Dolomite appears to have been laid
during the early Ordovician period, while the sandstone was laid during the late part of the period
(Paull, R.K. and Paull, R.A. (1977)).
Glaciation of St. Croix County occurred many times during the history of the earth, although the
most recent glaciation, during the Pleistocene epoch (approximately 1 million to 10,000 years
before present), is the most apparent. There were several stages of glacial advance, the most
recent being the Wisconsinan stage. This was the result of the advance of the Superior Lobe and,
from this, the Chippewa Lobe (Martin, L. (1965). The Physical Geology of Wisconsin.
University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin).
St. Croix County appears to be part of the geographical province of the Western Upland. As
noted by Paull et al (Paull, R.K., R.A. Paull (1977) Geology of Wisconsin and Upper Michigan.
Kendall / Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA), "The Paleozoic rocks are the retreating
erosional edges of marine sediments that once extended across the Northern Highland.... Late
Cambrian seas washed over the Precambrian erosional surface to deposit more than 1,000 feet of
sandstone, with minor amounts of interbedded dolomite."
2
The St. Croix River has its origin in the Northern Highlands and its resistant Precambrian rock.
The loess deposits in St. Croix County appear to be the result of the westerly winds carrying fine
textured soils easterly to the eastern bluffs of the river and beyond.
The glacial till present as parent material in the subsoil of the Christensen site is most likely the
result of deposit from the Superior Lobe (Chippewa Lobe) material. Loess, present as soil of the
Ap horizon, may be the result of the influence of the wind-blown fines of the St Croix River
floodplain.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE
The parcel of land under investigation lays in the NE SE 04 28 16W Eau Galle, St. Croix County.
A portion of the land lays immediately north of Interstate I-94 and immediately west of County
Trunk Highway BB. The land extends west. The western border is the east side of 233`d Street.
It is the intention of the property owners to divide the land into 3 lots. Two lots will be on the
east side of the property, bordering CTH BB. The third parcel will be on the west side of the
property, bordering 233`d Street.
Site 1 - SE corner of property
The proposed mound site is located immediately north of the fence line with 1-94 and
immediately west of CTH BB. The mound is sited at the highest elevation of the site. Soils are
composed of silt loam underlain by clay loam. Soils were evaluated down to a depth of
approximately 20 inches. Soil survey maps for the area indicate that the taxonomic classification
of soils on site is Glossoboralf (Santiago series). The soils are further described as having a
sandy loam parent material.
Site 2 - NE corner of property
Soils on this site are composed of a silt loam solum and a clay loam lower Bt horizon material.
Parent material starts at approximately 25 inches below grade. This site is located approximately
100 feet south of the north property line. Soil survey maps describe soils on this site as Santiago
series soils.
Site 3 - west end of property
This site is bordered on the west by a transmission tower and, west of this, 233`d Street. Soils on
site are silt loam in the upper horizons and gravelly sandy clay loam in the lower horizons (parent
material).
LOCAL HYDROLOGY
As noted on the accompanying topographic map, the proposed dispersal sites are situated on
gentle slopes. The proposed southeast parcel (north of I-94 and west of CTH BB) has a proposed
mound site located on a slope to the northwest. The proposed north lot slopes to the south-
southwest. The west lot, bordering the east side of 233`d Street, has a slope to the south. All 3
mound locations are on slopes of approximately 4%. Drainageways exist (see soil survey map p.
78) between the 3 parcels. The drainageways do not impact the proposed SAS sites. Runoff
presumably occurs off these sites down to the drainageways.
3
• rd
The entire site (from CTH BB west to 233 Street and south to I-94) may be on a hydrologic
divide. It appears to be centrally located between 2 rivers. The Eau Galle River lays
approximately 3 miles to the east; the Rush River is approximately 3 miles to the west. Surface
topography indicates that, with a few exceptions, this area is higher than surrounding land.
The topographic maps consulted for this report do not indicate any wetland areas in the vicinity
of the proposed mound dispersal systems. No naturally occurring areas of standing water were
observed in the area of the proposed mound POWTS.
SOIL MAPPING OF THE AREA
Direct soil mapping of this area by this soil tester indicates that, taxonomically, this soil is an
Aquic Glossoboralf. Aquic Glossoboralfs have a boric temperature regime with elluvial and
illuvial horizons which are saturated at some time during the year (as evidenced by the
redoximorphic features). Soil series maps for this area however, characterize this area as Typic
Glossoboralf. The profile is described as being slightly acidic, suggesting that the profile is aged.
The aging may be due to a greater than average amount of water movement through the soil.
Specifically, soils in this area are mapped Santiago (SaB). According to the St Croix County
Soil Survey book, native vegetation for this area was primarily white pine, red oak, and sugar
maple. According to the National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees
(Eastern Region), (copyright 1998, Chanticleer Press Inc., NY, NY), white pine grows in well-
drained soils. Red Oak (also known as Scarlet Oak and Black Oak), grows in upland ridges and
slopes. Sugar Maple grows in upland moist soils. All 3 types of trees therefore, appear to grow
in well-drained or moderately well-drained soils.
As noted in the CST Soil and Site Evaluation, clay loam and silty clay loam was encountered in
all pits in the vicinity of the proposed SAS's. Depth to these layers varied from 6 to 7 inches.
Tilling of the site may have had an impact on the soil solum (A and B horizons). Although Pit 1
displayed an E horizon, E horizons were not observed in the other pits. Destruction of the E
horizon may have been the result of plowing and / or erosion.
SIGNIFICANCE OF REPORTED SOIL CONDITIONS AND SURFACE
WATER FLOW
General surface water flow in the area may be primarily vertical for the first 6 inches as a result
of the relatively permeable upper horizons. Permeability is moderately slow in the subsoil and is
most likely perching above the dense silty clay loam subsoil.
Soil structure may have been impacted as a result of extensive cultivation of these sites, although
moderate structure is present in the Ap horizon. Alternatively, the plowing and tilling may have
loosened and aerated soils that may have otherwise been compacted as a result of farm machinery
traveling over the sites. The effects of compaction may be present in the Bt horizon.
Also present in the Ap horizon, and slightly into the subsoil, were worm channels, suggesting
that the upper horizon was aerated enough to support aerobic organisms. Roots and root
4
channels were also present in the 0 to 6" range of the soil profile.
Soil colors as noted by this soil tester were l OYR 3/2 from 0-6". This dark, grayish brown color
is darker than the gleyed colors one would associate with a more aquic condition. At the same
time, it is lighter (i.e. has a higher value) than more organic, and more acidic, soils present under
histic soil conditions. This suggests that water movement does occur through the topsoil. The
lack of redoximorphic features in this layer suggests that the soils are not saturated for more than
7 consecutive days.
Although water movement may occur in the topsoil, there is concern that the weak structure in
the Ap horizon may result in overloading of the soil should a SAS be constructed on site. In
addition, the abrupt appearance of redox features in the soil profile suggests that when dense soil
conditions are encountered, water remains for a significant period of time. High chroma redox
features were encountered in the subsoil. Although not reported on the soil report, low chroma
regions (areas of iron depletions) were also observed.
No puddled or massive soils were observed in the area of the proposed SAS's to a depth of 6
inches. However, dense, moist firm soils were present. This situation must be addressed in the
overall design and construction of the dispersal cell.
Close inspection of the Ap horizon did not indicate the presence of redoximorphic features. This
suggests that although there is not an A+4 situation, there is adequate depth in the A horizon
(approximately 6 inches) to maintain a suitable distance between the bottom of the SAS and the
limiting factor and thus to allow for the placement of a mound SAS as per code.
CONCLUSIONS
No redoximorphic features were observed for at least 6 inches of the Ap horizon in any of the
pits evaluated. The soils in this upper 6 inches appeared to be well aerated with the presence of
roots and worm channels. Water movement therefore appears to take place in this upper layer
and there does not appear to be a condition of ponding for any significant period of time in this
upper layer. Slopes on all 3 sites are approximately 4%, suggesting that water, does move
laterally away from the sites.
PROPOSALS
This soil tester feels that mound systems on these sites would adequately provide effluent
treatment and dispersal as long as the follows design conditions are implemented:
I . The construction of the soil absorption system must be in the area designated on the plot
plans.
2. Areas lower in the landscape must not be used for soil absorption systems.
3. The distribution cell must be designed very long and narrow with a linear loading rate
less than 4.0 gpd/ft. This may limit the number of bedrooms and / or occupancy that can
be serviced on the site.
5
4. At least 2.50 feet of ASTM C-33 sand must be used under the laterals for proposed lots 1
and2
5. Maximum hole spacing in laterals must be 30 inches.
6. Slopes around the mound must be 1:4 rather than the traditional 1:3 to increase the toe
absorption area.
7. The area upslope of the proposed SAS must be provided with a constructed waterway to
divert water around the mounds. The purpose of the waterway will be to prevent water
from being trapped in the mounds.
If you have any questions regarding this report, please feel free to contact me at the above
address and/or telephone number.
Sincerely,
Eli M. Gottfried
Registered Sanitarian (80806), CST (221981), Licensed Designer (1310)
6
REFERENCES
1. Brown, B.A. (1988) Bedrock Geology of Wisconsin (Brown 1988, University of
Wisconsin - Extension
2. Martin, L. (1965). The Physical Geology of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press,
Madison, Wisconsin
3. Paull, R.K. and Paull, R.A. (1977) Geology of Wisconsin and Upper Michigan.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA.
4. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees (Eastern Region):
(1998) Chanticleer Press Inc., NY, NY
5. Soil survey of St Croix County (1978). United States Dept of Agriculture Soil
Conservation Service and Research Division of the College of Agriculture and Life
Sciences, University of Wisconsin.
Al
7
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